Energy Poverty and Access Metrics

Abstract

This study examines the evolving concept of energy poverty and the effectiveness of various energy access metrics used to measure deprivation across different regions and socioeconomic contexts. It explores the transition from traditional binary electrification measures to multidimensional frameworks such as the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) and the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), which provide deeper insight into energy quality, affordability, reliability, clean cooking access, digital connectivity, and productive energy use. The report highlights that despite global progress in electrification, approximately 685 million people still lack access to electricity, with Sub-Saharan Africa
remaining the most affected region. Clean cooking access continues to lag significantly, exposing billions of people to health risks, environmental degradation, and economic limitations. The study also identifies persistent urban-rural disparities, affordability challenges, and growing concerns surrounding digital and thermal energy poverty. Through comparative case studies across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe,
the report demonstrates that traditional access metrics often underestimate the true scale of energy deprivation. Multidimensional metrics such as MTF and updated MEPI provide more accurate and policy-relevant assessments by capturing service quality, reliability, and socioeconomic impacts beyond simple
grid connectivity. The study concludes that effective energy poverty reduction requires integrated policy approaches combining electrification, clean cooking solutions, affordability measures, digital inclusion, and reliable energy infrastructure. It further emphasizes the need for improved data systems, context-specific metrics, and stronger policy implementation to support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 and ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy.